Sexuality in China

Sexuality in China is a topic steeped in cultural richness, historical evolution, and contemporary complexities. As one of the world’s oldest civilizations, China boasts a diverse array of cultural traditions, philosophical perspectives, and societal norms that shape attitudes towards sexuality. From the profound influence of ancient philosophies like Taoism and Confucianism to the rapid transformations brought about by modernization and globalization, Chinese sexual culture presents a fascinating tapestry of tradition and change. Understanding the nuances of sexuality in China requires a multifaceted exploration that delves into historical perspectives, cultural practices, societal attitudes, and the evolving landscape of sexual rights and identities.

Historical Perspectives on Chinese Sexual Culture

Chinese sexual culture, spanning millennia, is deeply rooted in classical literature and philosophy such as Confucianism and Taoism, which have profoundly influenced attitudes towards sex and relationships. While Confucianism emphasizes familial propriety and societal order, Taoism celebrates natural spontaneity and the cultivation of sexual energy. This philosophical dichotomy has shaped the intricate tapestry of Chinese sexual attitudes and behaviors. Additionally, Traditional Chinese Medicine views sexuality as integral to overall health, employing practices like acupuncture and herbal medicine to promote sexual well-being. Throughout history, there has been a tradition of erotic art and literature, albeit often within societal norms. Dynastic changes have led to fluctuations in sexual attitudes, while practices like foot binding in the Song Dynasty have shaped perceptions of femininity and sexuality. In modern times, rapid modernization and globalization have brought shifts in sexual attitudes and behaviors, reflecting debates on tradition, morality, and individual rights amidst urbanization and increased access to education and media. Overall, Chinese sexual culture embodies a complex interplay of tradition, religion, politics, and modernization, reflecting the diverse experiences and values of its people.

Sexuality in Modern China

In modern China, attitudes towards sexuality have undergone significant evolution, reflecting the dynamic interplay of tradition, modernization, and globalization. Historically, Chinese society held conservative views on sexuality, influenced by Confucian values that emphasized family harmony and societal order. However, with the advent of rapid modernization and increased exposure to Western ideas and media, attitudes towards sexuality have become more diverse and progressive. One notable aspect of this evolution is the growing openness towards discussions of sex and sexuality. Previously considered taboo topics, conversations about sexual health, consent, and LGBTQ+ rights have become increasingly prevalent in public discourse. This shift can be attributed to greater access to education, advancements in technology, and increased exposure to global cultural influences. Moreover, changing gender dynamics and women’s empowerment movements have played a significant role in reshaping attitudes towards sexuality. Women in modern China are increasingly asserting their rights to sexual autonomy and reproductive health, challenging traditional gender roles and expectations.

Additionally, digital technology and social media platforms have revolutionized the expression and experience of sexuality in China. Online dating apps and social networking sites provide avenues for individuals to explore their sexual identities and connect with like-minded individuals, challenging traditional notions of courtship and marriage. These platforms have created spaces for people to openly discuss their sexual preferences and desires, breaking down barriers and fostering greater understanding and acceptance of diverse sexualities. However, it’s important to note that the Chinese government’s policies and censorship mechanisms continue to influence public discourse on sexuality. While there has been progress in certain areas, such as sexual education and reproductive rights, government regulations and censorship often limit the scope of discussions on sensitive topics related to sexuality. Thus, while digital technology has expanded opportunities for sexual expression and exploration, it also operates within the constraints of a complex socio-political landscape.

Sexuality Data and Research Collection in China

Before the economic reform in China, research on sexuality was scarce and primarily focused on medical aspects. Scholars mainly approached sexuality as a health issue, concentrating on topics like sexual medical knowledge and function. It wasn’t until the 1980s that attention shifted towards the social dimensions of sexuality, with scholars conducting social surveys to explore attitudes, knowledge, behaviors, and other aspects related to sexuality in China.

One significant milestone during this period was the Sex Civilization Survey (SCS) conducted by the Shanghai Sociology of Sexuality Research Center under the guidance of Dalin Liu in 1989–1990. This survey collected data from over 20,000 respondents across 15 metropolitan areas in China, offering insights into various demographic groups, including married individuals, those with higher education, and sexual minorities. Additionally, independent surveys conducted by scholars like Bo Zha, Wenxiu Geng, and Suiming Pan shed light on sexuality among urban residents, college students, and homosexual populations.

From the late 1980s to the 1990s, public health researchers also delved into sexual safety and behaviors among specific groups, such as college students and sex workers, aiming to understand the prevalence of STDs in China. However, data collection during this period remained fragmented, with most efforts being small-scale and focused on specific groups of interest.

A significant breakthrough occurred in 1999–2000 with the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey 2000 (CHFLS 2000), the first national probability survey of adult sexual behavior in China. Conducted by American sociologists Edward Laumann and William Parish in collaboration with Chinese scholars, this survey involved computer-based interviews with over 3,800 respondents, providing comprehensive data on sexual knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and demographic characteristics. Subsequent waves of the Sexuality Survey of China (SSC) launched by the Sex Research Institute at Renmin University of China in 2006, 2010, and 2015, directed by Suiming Pan, further documented changes in Chinese sexuality, offering valuable insights for scholars and the public alike.

In conclusion, sexuality in China is a dynamic and multifaceted aspect of society that reflects a complex interplay of historical traditions, cultural norms, and contemporary dynamics. While traditional values continue to shape attitudes towards sexuality to some extent, ongoing social and cultural changes are leading to greater openness and diversity in expressions of sexuality. Continued research and dialogue are essential for fostering a more nuanced understanding of sexuality in China and addressing the diverse needs and challenges faced by individuals in the modern era.